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Abstract:
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Machine derived contents note: Contents -- Contents vii -- Preface xiii -- Acknowledgments xv -- Foreword xvii -- Author Biographies xxi -- Chapter 1. Systematics and Evolution -- Austin B. Williams -- Introduction 1 -- Characters of Systematic Value 1 -- Measurements 7 -- Genus Callinectes Stimpson, 18609 -- Key to Species of Callinectes -- (Excluding Juveniles) 9 -- Key to Mature or Nearly Mature -- Male Callinectes Based Primarily -- on First Gonopods 11 -- Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 12 -- Fossil Record 15 -- Genetic Variation 16 -- Questionable Species 16 -- Acknowledgments 17 -- References 17 -- Chapter 2. External Anatomy of -- Blue Crab Larvae -- Victor S. Kennedy -- Introduction 23 -- Egg Size and Hatching 24 -- Prezoea 25 -- Rearing Larvae 25 -- Setae 26 -- Descriptions 27 -- Locations 27 -- Morphological Changes During -- Development 29 -- Carapace 29 -- First Antenna 32 -- Second Antenna 34 -- Mandible 34 -- First Maxilla 34 -- Second Maxilla 36 -- First Maxilliped 37 -- Second Maxilliped 37 -- Third Maxilliped 38 -- Abdomen 38 -- Telson 38 -- Other Characteristics 40 -- Regeneration and Metamorphosis 41 -- Morphological Differences among -- Portunid Species 42 -- Acknowledgments 42 -- References 43 -- Chapter 3. Anatomy of the Post-Larval -- Blue Crab -- Victor S. Kennedy and L. Eugene Cronin -- Introduction 55 -- Skeleton and Appendages 56 -- External Morphology and -- Exoskeleton 56 -- Endoskeleton 59 -- Paired Appendages 60 -- Internal Organs 65 -- Major Organ Placement 65 -- Digestive System 66 -- Foregut Ossicles 69 -- Skeletal Muscles 79 -- Alimentary Muscles 86 -- Respiratory System 89 -- Nervous System 91 -- Excretory System 93 -- Circulatory System 93 -- Reproductive System 94 -- Miscellaneous Organs 94 -- Acknowledgments 95 -- References 95 -- Chapter 4. Muscles and Neurons -- C.K. Govind -- Introduction 133 -- Muscles 133 -- Organization 133 -- Differentiation of Fiber Types 135 -- Fiber Composition of Muscles 137 -- Motoneurons 142 -- Organization 142 -- Differentiation of Motor Axons 145 -- Innervation of Muscles 156 -- Sensory Neurons 156 -- Organization 156 -- Mechanoreceptors 158 -- Chemoreceptors 160 -- Interneurons 165 -- Summary 167 -- Acknowledgments 168 -- References 168 -- Chapter 5. The Functional Anatomy of the Circulatory System -- Iain J. McGaw and Carl L. Reiber -- Introduction 173 -- A Synopsis of the Crustacean -- Circulatory System 173 -- The Circulatory System of -- Callinectes sapidus 177 -- The Arterial System 177 -- The Venous System 186 -- Conclusions and Future Directions 189 -- Acknowledgments 192 -- References 192 -- Chapter 6 -- Molting and Growth -- Steven G. Smith and Ernest S. Chang 197 -- Introduction 197 -- The Molt Cycle 198 -- Stage C4 Integument 198 -- Premolt 201 -- Ecdysis 202 -- Early Postmolt 202 -- Late Postmolt and Intermolt 208 -- Molting Processes, Cycle Stages, -- and Animal Size 208 -- Endocrine Control 208 -- Isolation and Characterization of the -- Molting Hormone 208 -- Regulation of the Molting Gland 210 -- Methyl Farnesoate 214 -- Regeneration 215 -- Conceptual Model 216 -- Environmental Control 218 -- Temperature 218 -- Nutrition 220 -- Salinity 221 -- Other Factors 221 -- Growth Format: Determinate or -- Indeterminate? 221 -- Physiological Aspects 222 -- Demographic Aspects 222 -- Mathematical Description 224 -- Growth in Length 225 -- Growth in Weight 239 -- Biological Insights 240 -- Future Research 242 -- Acknowledgments 245 -- References 245 -- Chapter 7. Reproduction Biology and -- Embryonic Development -- Paul Jivoff, Anson H. Hines, and -- L. Scott Quackenbush -- Introduction 255 -- Sexual Maturity 255 -- Males 257 -- Characteristics of the Sexually -- Mature Male Reproductive System 258 -- Timing and Control of -- Sexual Maturity 259 -- Females 260 -- Characteristics of the Sexually Mature -- Female Reproductive System 261 -- Timing and Control of Sexual -- Maturity 261 -- Reproductive Systems 262 -- Ejaculate Contents 263 -- Accessory Structures 265 -- Male External Structures 265 -- Female Internal Structure 265 -- Female External Structure 266 -- Mating and Insemination 267 -- Pre-mating Interactions and -- Pair Formation 267 -- Factors influencing Pair Formation 269 -- Male Characteristics 269 -- Female Characteristics 273 -- Environmental Factors 274 -- Hormonal Control 274 -- Insemination and Post-mating -- Interactions 275 -- Potential Fisheries Implications 276 -- Fertilization and Brood Production 278 -- Brood Production 279 -- Timing of Brood Production 280 -- Brood Care 280 -- Fecundity 281 -- Potential Fisheries Effects 282 -- Embryonic Development 282 -- Embryo Loss during Development 284 -- Larval Release 284 -- Summary and Areas of -- Future Research 285 -- Acknowledgments 286 -- References 286 -- Chapter 8. Diseases, Parasites, and -- Other Symbionts -- Jeffrey D. Shields and Robin M. Overstreet -- Introduction 299 -- Viral Infections 300 -- DNA Viruses 301 -- Baculovirus A (Baculo-A) 301 -- Baculovirus B (Baculo-B) 304 -- RNA Viruses 304 -- Rhabdo-like Virus A (RhVA) 305 -- Rhabdo-like Virus B (RhVB) 306 -- Enveloped Helical Virus (EHV) 308 -- Chesapeake Bay Virus (CBV) 308 -- Non-Callinectes Viruses 310 -- White Spot Virus (WSV) 312 -- Public Health Implications -- of Viruses 312 -- General Future of Viral Research 314 -- Bacterial Diseases 315 -- Vibrio and Related Bacterial Infections 316 -- Shell Disease (Chitinoclastic -- Bacteria) 321 -- Other Bacteria 326 -- Fungi 327 -- Lagenidium callinectes 327 -- Other Fungi 331 -- Protozoans 331 -- Haplosporidia 336 -- Dinoflagellata/Dinophyceae 339 -- Hematodinium perezi 339 -- Rhizopoda 347 -- Ciliophora 352 -- Mesanophrys chesapeakensis 352 -- Peritrich and Suctorian Epibionts 353 -- Apostome Ciliates 355 -- Other Protozoans 356 -- Helminths 356 -- Cestodes 361 -- Nematodes 363 -- Nemerteans 365 -- Annelids (Clitellata) 368 -- Leeches (Hirudinea) 368 -- Branchiobdellida 370 -- Cirripeds (Barnacles) 371 -- External Barnacles 371 -- Rhizocephala (Internal Barnacles): 376 -- Loxothylacus texanus 376 -- Fouling Organisms 382 -- Other Syndromes 384 -- Defensive Responses 384 -- Hemocytes and Cellular Defenses 385 -- Cellular Responses and Melanization 388 -- Humoral Defenses 389 -- Organ-derived Components 391 -- Future Research 391 -- Conclusions 392 -- Acknowledgments 393 -- References 394 -- Chapter 9. Osmoregulatory, Digestive, and -- Respiratory Physiology -- David W. Towle and Louis E. Burnett -- Introduction 419 -- Osmoregulation 419 -- Ion Transport Systems in the Gill 420 -- Regulation of Branchial Ion -- Transport 427 -- Ammonia Excretion by the Gill 429 -- Ion Transport Systems in the -- Antennal Gland 430 -- Ion Transport Systems in the Gut 430 -- Volume Regulation 430 -- Digestion 431 -- The Requirement for Oxygen 432 -- Mechanisms of Gas Exchange 434 -- Respiration During Swimming 435 -- Respiration During Hypoxia 436 -- Respiration During Salinity -- Change 438 -- Respiration During Temperature -- Change 439 -- Respiration During Molting 440 -- Respiration During Air Exposure 441 -- Interacting and Counterbalancing -- Physiological Systems in the Blue Crab 441 -- Acknowledgments 442 -- References 442 -- Chapter 10. Environmental Physiology -- Richard A. Tankersley and Richard B. Forward, Jr. -- Introduction 451 -- Light 451 -- Eye Structure and Photosensitivity 451 -- Behavioral Responses 452 -- Larval and Postlarval Light -- Responses 454 -- Selective Tidal-Stream Transport 458 -- Juvenile Light Responses 459 -- Adult Light Responses 459 -- Salinity 460 -- Osmotic Tolerance 460 -- Physiological Responses 462 -- Temperature 464 -- Thermal Tolerance 464 -- Physiological and Behavioral -- Responses 466 -- Oxygen 467 -- Hypoxia Exposure 467 -- Anoxia and Hypoxia Tolerance 468 -- Physiological Responses 469 -- Respiratory and Circulatory -- Responses 470 -- Effects on Metamorphosis, -- Molting, and Growth 472 -- Behavioral Responses 472 -- Conclusions 473 -- Acknowledgments 474 -- References 474 -- Chapter 11. Responses to Toxic Chemicals at the Molecular, Cellular, Tissue, and -- Organismal Level -- Marius Brouwer and Richard F. Lee -- Introduction 485 -- Organic Contaminants 485 -- Molecular Responses 486 -- Cellular and Tissues Responses 489 -- Binding of Xenobiotics to -- Cellular Macromolecules 490 -- Organismal Responses to Different -- Classes of Xenobiotics 490 -- Conclusions 493 -- Metals 493 -- Tissue Responses, Metal -- Accumulation, and Transport 494 -- Molecular and Cellular Responses 495 -- Organismal Responses: -- Embryo/Larval Development, -- Growth, and Molting 500 -- Field Data 501 -- Concluding Remarks 502 -- References 503 -- Chapter 12. Biology of Larvae -- Charles E. Epifanio -- Introduction 513 -- Behavior of Zoea and Megalopa Larvae 515 -- Swimming Responses 517 -- Larval Transport 518 -- Transport of Zoea Larvae 520 -- Across-shelf Transport of -- Megalopa Larvae 522 -- Chemical Cues for -- Settlement of Megalopa Larvae 523 -- Synthesis 524 -- Summary and Future Directions 527 -- Acknowledgments 528 -- References 528 -- Chapter 13. Ecology of Postlarval and -- Young Juvenile Blue Crabs -- Romuald N. Lipcius, David B. Eggleston, -- Kenneth L. Heck, Jr., Rochelle D. Seitz, -- and Jacques van Montfrans -- Introduction 535 -- Settlement and Recruitment in -- Nursery Habitats 536 -- Evolutionary Foundation of -- Nursery Habitat Use 538 -- Settlement 538 -- Spatial Patterns 539 -- Dispersal 544 -- Primary Dispersal 544 -- Secondary Dispersal 544.
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